Fig. 1

Serum metabolomic signature in NICCD. (A) OPLS-DA score plots showing clustering and dispersion between NICCD vs. controls (B) Volcano plot of DEMs with upregulated (red), downregulated (blue), and non-significant metabolites (gray). (C) Hierarchical cluster analysis heatmaps of DEMs. (D) Enrichment analysis. 2-HG, 2-Hydroxyglutarate; KIV, Ketoisovaleric acid; 2-MCA, 2-Methylcitric acid; KMVA, 2-Keto-3-methylvaleric acid; HIVA, 2-Hydroxyisovaleric acid; 4-HPLA, 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid; GAA, Guanidineacetic acid