Fig. 2

Serum metabolomic signature in post-NICCD. (A) OPLS-DA score plots showing clustering and dispersion between post-NICCD vs. controls. (B) Volcano plot of DEMs with upregulated (red), downregulated (blue), and non-significant metabolites (gray). (C) Hierarchical cluster analysis heatmaps of DEMs. (D) Enrichment analysis. 2-MCA, 2-Methylcitric acid; KIC, 2-Ketoisocaproic acid; KMVA, 2-Keto-3-methylvaleric acid; HIVA, 2-Hydroxyisovaleric acid; KIV, Ketoisovaleric acid; 3-HBA, 3-Hydroxybutyric acid; 3-HMG, 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaric acid